Asthma Essay -- Science Scientific Research Essays

Asthma Breathing is a vital process for every human. typical breathing is practically effortless for intimately people, but those with asthma face a great challenge. During an asthma attack, breathing is hampered, making it difficult or even impossible for air to flow by means of the lungs. Asthma is an increasingly common problem, and has become the most common chronic childhood disease. At least 17 million Americans suffer from it(1), and although it can be fatal, it is usually not that severe(4). There is no cure for asthma, but with proper care, it can usually be controlled. As someone with Exercise Induced Asthma, I have personal experience with the topic. I have experienced most of the symptoms described in my research, tried many of the medicines, and have my asthma under control. This render will first discuss the normal function of the lungs, and then proceed to explain how this is effected by asthma. The causes of the disease and the ways of controlling it will follow. Normal breathing is controlled by the lungs and the chest cavity. Airways are tubes with muscle that contracts and relaxes wrapped around them, and this accounts for the motion of the chest that is associated with breathing. The diaphragm, which is located underneath the rib cage, along with the intercostal muscles, or those in between the ribs, control the movement of the chest cavity(6). When these muscles contract, the chest expands, which lowers the pressure inside the lungs. Since air moves naturally from high to low pressure, the lungs are automatically inflated. In order to exhale, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to become smaller. The decrease in volume causes the pressure in the lungs to go... ...pl/display.cfm?id=2=3214)Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Online,Taking Control http//allergy.mcg.edu/patients/control.htm5)Childrens medical checkup Center of UVA, How Attacks Happen http//www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/inter net/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/whydoes.htm6)Marshall Brains How Stuff Works Site, Lungs http//www.howstuffworks.com/lung1.htm7) Marshall Brains How Stuff Works Site , Lungs Continued http//www.howstuffworks.com/lung2.htm8)American Lung Association, fivesome Asthma Medication Groups http//www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=225429)National Jewish Medical and Research Center , Exercise Induced Asthma http//www.nationaljewish.org/error.aspx?type=40410) Childrens Medical Center of UVA , Treating Asthma http//www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/treat.htm

Mechanical Engineers :: Technology, Informative

A mechanical engineer works with the principles of motion, energy and force. Usually a machine changes one form of movement into another. robotlike engineers physical body machines whose parts work in a safe, reliable and efficient way. Mechanical engineers apply scientific method to find the answers to mechanical problems. Many laws and principles developed by scientists are used every day by the mechanical engineer.Mechanical engineers contribute to many industries and occupations. Some mechanical engineers work in areas not ordinarily thought to require engineering. Efforts to clean up and preserve the earths environment have drawn many mechanical engineers to projects that deal with the treatment of water, soil and waste material. Mechanical engineers also work with physicians, therapists and other medical professionals to study the workings of the human body and institution aids and instruments for mechanic.Mechanical engineers work in industry, consulting practices, univer sities and government research. to the highest degree mechanical engineers are employed in industry at equipment manufacturers, aerospace companies, utilities, and many other large and small companies. Job responsibilities range from basic research and systems design to power plant operations and quality control.Mechanical engineers earn good salaries. A starting engineer with a bachelors degree may earn $40,000 a year. The median salary for an engineer is over $65,000. Earnings depend on experience and training. The government tends to pay its engineers slightly less than the going rate in private industry. Large companies that high mechanical engineers usually offer complete benefit packages. The benefits include health insurance, life insurance, paid sick leave, paid vacations and holidays and run low expenses.

Creating a Modern-day Movie Adaptation of The Glass Menagerie Essay exa

Creating a Modern-day Movie Adaptation of The Glass zoological gardenDysfunctional. Codependent. Enmeshed. Low self-esteem. Personal struggles of the twenty-first century or those of the past? In his play, The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams portrays a southern family of the 1940s attempting to cope with lifes pressures, and each(prenominal) of their own conflicts, after they guard been deserted by their father and husband. In attempting to create a modern-day movie adaptation of The Glass Menagerie from the pilot burner play, a parallel element would still be conveyed to the audience- inner and intra personal struggles of the past continue to be those of the present. If produced in the present day, the new version would have seemingly subtle changes such as new speaking styles, characters, and sets that will allow it to become modernized. Some original parts of the play such as dated dialogue, character traits, and settings will be discarded, but the original vision of Tennes see Williams will remain intact by keeping elements essential to recounting the Wingfield Family struggles. As director of the updated production of The Glass Menagerie, one would first have to look at the type of speaking style and dialogue as a elbow room to modernize the original content. In the play, Amanda, the mother, is characteristic of a southern belle. Her language reflects the stereotypical tradition and the polite nature of a southern woman. Tom and Laura, in keeping with their...

michael jordan Essay -- essays research papers fc

Michael Jordan was one of five children born to James and Delores Jordan. He was born February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn. His parents felt that the streets of Brooklyn were unsafe to raise a young family. So instead of trying to endure the streets of Brooklyn, the Jordan family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. Michaels father, James, got a job in Wilmington as a mechanic and his produce Delores got a job as a teller at United Carolina Bank. Michael always had an eye for baseball. He played as an outfielder and as a pitcher. When he was twelve, he was the top player in his league. By the age of fifteen, he wasnt the star in baseball as he once was. He was sleek over very good, but he had lost some of his focus. Later, in his high school career, he dropped baseball to pursue another interest. Soon Michael adopted the hazard of basketball. When Michael reached the ninth grade, he tried out for the basketball team. Coach Lynch, Michaels coach, cut Michael, which in turn may have made the best player hot today. Michael then took practicing basketball to another level. He played his brother Larry whenever he could. Michael never expected what would come in the near future. Michael Jordan went to the University of North Carolina as a basketball recruit. Even though Jordan at 65" was a man with potential, he still studied very hard in an attempt to get a good education, while competing in sports. Mike wasnt expected to be a star of the Tar Heels, since they had players such as ...

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism :: Entertainment Games Collectors Papers

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism It is fall 1999 and a jet from Japan has bonnie pulled up to its berth at LAX airport in Los Angeles. Immediately a crowd of kids excitedly gathers by the window to view what appears to be a huge flying Pikachu the yellowy cute, electrically charged mouse-type pocket monster of what was then the biggest kids craze of the decade, Pokemon. Even parents recognize this iconic figure, familiar as they are with the basics of the phenomenon. Starting out as a gameboy game in Japan in 1996, it grew quickly to a multi-stranded empire comic books, cartoon, movies, trade cards, toy figures, video games, tie-in merchandise. And, starting in 1997, Pokemon got exported, hitting the U.S. in August 1998. The principle of the game, duplicated in the plotline of the movies, cartoons, and comics, is to become a pokemon master by laborious to capture all 151 monsters (expanded to 251 in recent editions) inhabiting the playscapes of Poke-world. In this world, any child can become a master like Satoshi (Ash in English) who, in the bilgewater versions, is the 11 year old protagonist traveling the world with his two buddies, Misty (an 11 year old girl) and Brock (a 15 year old jejune boy). All one needs to do is keep playing maneuver ones controls to move through this game space, discovering and catching (mainly by fighting) unused monsters whom consequently become pocketed as ones own. Hence, the name pocket monster. Pocketed monsters are trained to fight new monsters therefore becoming both the strength and end of this game. The logic here is acquisition gotta catch em all is the catchword of Pokemon. But entwined into this, as Benjamin noted about commodity fetichism at the dawn of modernity, is enchantment. The monsters to be gotten are not only things, possessions, and tools but also enchanting beings akin to spirits, pets, or friends. Pikachu iconizes this weave of relationality taken, I will argue, to the epoch of mi llennial postmodernity. With its electric powers, Pikachu is a tough, therefore prized, pokemon. But, with its smallish, yellow body, Pikachu is also cuddly and cute features played up on screen where it becomes the best buddy pokemon of the hold in character, Ash. This monster is at once property and pal, capital and companion the key features in a form of intimate or cute

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism :: Entertainment Games Collectors Papers

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism It is fall 1999 and a jet from Japan has just pulled up to its berth at LAX airport in Los Angeles. Immediately a crowd of kids excitedly gathers by the window to view what appears to be a huge flying Pikachu the discoloury cute, electrically charged mouse-type poke monster of what was then the biggest kids craze of the decade, Pokemon. Even parents recognize this iconic figure, familiar as they are with the basics of the phenomenon. Starting out as a gameboy game in Japan in 1996, it grew quickly to a multi-stranded empire comic books, cartoon, movies, trading cards, toy figures, video games, tie-in merchandise. And, starting in 1997, Pokemon got exported, hitting the U.S. in August 1998. The principle of the game, duplicated in the plotline of the movies, cartoons, and comics, is to become a pokemon master by trying to capture all 151 monsters (expanded to 251 in recent editions) inhabiting the playscapes of Poke-world. In this wo rld, any child can become a master like Satoshi (Ash in English) who, in the story versions, is the 11 year old protagonist traveling the world with his two buddies, Misty (an 11 year old girl) and Brock (a 15 year old teenage boy). All one needs to do is withstand playing maneuver ones controls to move through this game space, discovering and examineing (mainly by fighting) new monsters whom consequently become pocketed as ones own. Hence, the name pocket monster. Pocketed monsters are trained to fight new monsters therefore becoming both the medium and end of this game. The logic here is acquisition gotta catch em all is the catchword of Pokemon. But entwined into this, as Benjamin noned about commodity fetishism at the dawn of modernity, is enchantment. The monsters to be gotten are not only things, possessions, and tools but also enchanting beings akin to spirits, pets, or friends. Pikachu iconizes this weave of relationality taken, I will argue, to the age of millennial postmodernity. With its electric powers, Pikachu is a tough, therefore prized, pokemon. But, with its smallish, yellow body, Pikachu is also cuddly and cute features played up on screen where it becomes the best buddy pokemon of the lead character, Ash. This monster is at once property and pal, capital letter and companion the key features in a form of intimate or cute

Frustration on a Deserted Island Essay

William Golding wrote a loudness Lord of the Flies that has his thoughts about human nature and his central idea of the composing civilization versus savagery. The book starts with kids that are stray after a plane crashes and fight for survival. Two characters show their differences in the book known as Ralph and Jack. Golding uses these characters as a foil that will reach to the overall theme, shows how violent people get when there are no rules that control them and he also shows symbols in the book that defines each character.In the book Ralph and Jack have their differences and similarities. Ralph shows how he wants to rule in a form of civilization that will unify the group as one. But Jack opposes to the sort Ralph rules, Jack wants to rule in a savage mood of killing pigs to eat meat and have no responsibilities of keeping the fire going to be rescued. But they both have a common enemy known as the beast the beast has ca apply terror ever since they heard and thought t hey aphorism in the mountains. Making them realizes there arent alone in the island.Golding uses Ralph and Jack as a foil to show they dont uniform their way of how they rule, so their there is a conflict that survives to the overall theme. Ralph tries to lead as a civilization and make a fire for a signal for rescue, notwithstanding no one likes his idea. Jack rules with fear and savagery in his group, he tells them that he will protect them from the beast and will provide meat by killing the pigs in the island. I believe that Ralph is the break-dance leader because he is using his knowledge on what he has learned back home of civilization. at that place are symbols that represent Ralph and Jack on how they act on the island. The symbol that represents Ralph based on his ideas of trying to keep the group unified is the conch. The conch represents Ralph when first used it and everyone gathered up like there were a civilization. A symbol that represents Jack is the beast in the island. The beast symbolizes Jack on his way of treating his people bad and killing Simon thinking he was the beast.Both characters start acting opposite to each other after Jack believes that Ralph is trying to be better than him leading to the conflicts between these two characters. Golding uses his thoughts in the book using Ralph and Jack. He shows these two characters about violence, human nature and government. He thinks that there is a distinguish of violence in human nature but there is a government that maintains people as a civilization with laws. Golding also uses foil to lead to the overall them.He uses these two characters against each other to let people know how we need laws for civilization because savagery can overcome civilization like in the island. Without laws that we can follow, human instincts will lea to think we can do anything we want. Golding has shown many clues in the book Lord of the Flies to represent the theme of the book. He shown how the kids in t he island how they used to lived in a civilized society and then being stranded in a island can make them deliberate into savages after living with no laws or rules.

Importance of Visual Elements in Art Essay

Visual elements of design argon the basic vocabulary of design that assistances the artist to communicate with the viewer. Those visual elements are line, shape, grain, value, and saturation. The importance of the elements has a great effect on the meaning art throughout the history. The line which is the track between two points usually takes different forms such as straight and curves. It helps to connote motion, direction and the orientation of a picture or drawings. This buns be seen most especially when four dots are arrange or placed on a paper.The interpretation of this is most likely to be that of a square. It also helps to lead the viewers eye and create unique(predicate) meanings. The second visual element is the shape and it is usually form from closed lines. Some basics or common shapes include triangles, squares and circles. It defines space and it is usually help in establishing a balance between positive and negative space. Color is the most important visual eleme nt in that it has a great regard on humans perception and emotions. It is the first element that attract viewer.This element can also create illusion of depth in that about colors tend to create the feeling of being closer while some being far. It also affects men and women in different ways. There are some colors that are termed short colors and these set of colors affect human nervous system. Texture can be defined as the surface quality of a material. In the real sense most artistic works or drawings have textures that help to depict some forms of meaning. This texture can be appreciated in two different ways these are either actual or implied texture.The actual texture can be felt while the implied can be perceived in the way the art work has been created. Value is also known as the tone of a color. It results from the apposition of light and dark and it usually define the intensity of these two forms of color. Value can be classified as a component of color while others are h ue and saturation. Values of an art work depends mostly on each eye perception, and there different gradation to which the values can be categorized. Examples of roles of visual elements in history

How to Get Your Drivers License.

Getting your drivers license is probably at the top of any sixteen year olds list, because every wiz knows how historic it is to them to be independent and it sack up be seen as the first real step in making that step from childhood to adulthood. However, getting your drivers license isnt just a real simple thing. It involves getting your permit first, taking a drivers education class, and then of course the substantial capricious part. Knowing this information can ensure you that you are one step closer to driving on your own. To start off, you have to get the disciples permit.There usually is a fee and you must bring your birth certificate, social security card, attendance and grades from school, and insurance, if you already have a car. You would have to get out the vision screening, the written test over the rules and regulations, and be at least 16 years old. Be aware that if you fail the written test, you cannot take it over again until the next day. After you get the pe rmit, you must remember that unfortunately you can only drive with a family member who is at least twenty one and one other person in the car with you.Also, you have to have had the learners permit for at least six months before you can take the class. Secondly, take a drivers education class. With this, you must have seven hours in a car, twenty hours behind the wheel, thirty dickens classroom hours and pass the final driving/written test with a seventy or higher. The class usually consists of a bunch of people slightly sixteen or seventeen years old, some maybe older. How much it will cost depends on the school you choose. Furthermore, in this class you will tick off videos and learn what to do and what not to do. You even watch the accident videos that make you want to cry.There will also be little quizzes and assignments given by the instructor to make sure you are learning properly. Finally, the last and most important thing is the actual driving. This is where your skills and knowledge are really put to the test. They assign everyone a driving partner, and both take turns driving for fourty five minutes to an hour. However, Before you can pass and get that drivers license, you must be sufficient to parallel park, merge on and off highways, highway drive in general, answer any questions the instructor has, change lanes, back up, and do a three point turn.They also test you on knowing where everything is like the turn signals, buttons for windshield wipers and breaks, etc. Once you are done with the test and you have passed with a seventy or higher, you will receive your certificate stating that you are now a licensed driver and then all you need to do is go take a picture and get the drivers license from the DPS (Department of Public Safety) office. Congratulations you made it You started off from getting your permit, taking the drivers education class, passing the final driving test and finally wound up with your drivers license. Here are your keys now get driving

Elevating Class and Language Between Two Plays Essay

A persons talking to is often connected to his or her social spatial relation. A person from a higher(prenominal) status will have a different dialect of the same lecture than someone from lower status. People brought up in poor surroundings or poverty argon keen to swearing and have little concern to speaking properly as their run-in was intended. People from high society are the opposite. They are very much concerned with using their verbal skills and their rhetoric, and they are able social function it as a form of power over others. These ideas of language between clear upes can be seen in the plays The Tempest, by William Shakespeare, and Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw. Though Shaws play is much more focused on the language found transformation of Eliza Doolittle, and the interaction between her and Professor Higgins, Shakespeares creates a similar relationship between the lowly Caliban, and his master Prospero. some(prenominal) plays show that a niggling change in education, or language, cannot realisticall(a)y change a person or their social class, rather the real changes to these characters are made internally. Both Eliza and Caliban receive from poor backgrounds. Eliza is a very poor flower girl with terrible English. She swears often, by saying bloody constantly between sentences. As Shaw describes her initially as the flower girl she is unsympathetically described as ugly and disgusting, Her hair needs washing rather badly its mousy color can just now be natural. She wears a shoddy black coat that reaches nearly to her knees and is shaped to her waist (Shaw, 13).Even her mark makes her feel like a second class citizen. Beneath all of this, Eliza is still a proud girl, Im a good girl, I am (2). Because The Tempest contains magic, Caliban is born the son of the decedent witch Cycorax. Like Eliza, Caliban also maintains his pride as he believes he is the rightful thrower of the island which Prospero later took control over. Also like Eliza, much of his nomenclature is riddled with slurs and cursing. His demonic blood allows Prospero to treat him like a lower class, subhuman monster, similar to how Professor Higgins treats Eliza like a lower class citizen ascribable to her looks, her demeanor, and consequently her social status as a flower girl.In response, Caliban responds with hostility whenever Prospero calls for him, As wicked dew as eer my mother tra versifyd/ With ravens feather from unwholesome fen/ Drop on you twain a south-west blow on ye/ And blister you all oer (20), and Prospero responds in kind by sending spirits to harass him and pinch him. The extent of the transformation that learning language had over both characters is limited to being just a tool for them to use while unfortunately (to their masters) keeping the same personality. What changes to Eliza is most definitely a surface aim change and not a deep identity level change, at least through the length of the experiment.Though Higgins manages to t ransform Elizas appearance from that of a low-status flower girl to that of a refined young lady, she remains a cockney flower girl underneath her facade of a proper accent speaking proper English. Her real personality remains persistently unchanged until the end of the play. This is the same with Caliban who, through learning language from Prospero, remains bitter, hateful, and envious throughout The Tempest. Caliban remains ungrateful for being taught language by Prospero, You taught me language, and my profit ont/ Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you /For learning me your language In this popular quote, Caliban uses the language taught to him against Prospero to display his disgust towards Prosperos efforts to change him.It also draws a sharp similarity between the treatment between higher and lower classes in both plays. Elizas relationship with Higgins language is similar to Calibans relationship with Prospero in that both Eliza and Caliban understand language as a re minder of their low social status compared to their masters. Both characters also remain ungrateful in the narratives of their masters, when they are mostly more concerned to keep their own personal dignity. The difference in narratives between the characters learning language, and those learn it in both plays is very similar.Both Higgins and Prospero, in their understanding of what they are doing by teaching Eliza and Caliban language, are teaching them a way to elevate their status. Because both masters are concerned with social status, they believe their students should strongly value their gifts of language education. Both Higgins and Prospero also consider their subjects highly ungrateful. When Higgins mother objects to his experiment, Higgens retorts, You have no idea how frightfully interesting it is to take a human being and to change her into a quite different human being by creating a new speech for her. Its filling up the deepest gulf that separates class from class and mind from soul. (Shaw, 78), while believing that changing Elizas speech will not only change her class, but her soul.At the climax of the play between Higgins and Eliza, later on Eliza asks to return the belongings Higgins gave and lent to her, Higgins becomes upset, If these belonged to me instead of to the jeweler, Id ram them down your ungrateful throat. He feel so strongly the importance of language in self-improvement, that he failed to see that it did not have an honest impact on Eliza. This is similar to how Prospero views Caliban as ungrateful towards his teaching of language, Abhorred slave,/ Which any print of goodness wilt not take,/ Being capable of all ill I pitied thee,/ Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hourAs can be seen here, it is clear that Prospero painstakingly underlines and exaggerates the value of the language he taught Caliban. One thing or other when thou didst not, savage, /Know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble like/ A thing most bru tish, I endowd thy purposes/ With words that made them known. But thy vile race,/ Though thou didst learn, had that int which/ good natures/ Could not abide to be with therefore wast thou/ Deservedly confined into this rock,/ Who hadst deserved more than a prison. Here Prospero acknowledges that class and language, though related, are not of necessity tied together.He makes a point that Caliban cannot overcome his class through learning language. Swearing in Pygmalion has an interesting dual use. It is primarily expressed in the word bloody by both Eliza and Higgins. Their use of it, however, shows the difference in class between the two. Eliza, who has been poor all her life, thinks nothing of using the word since she has been around it all the time. It is a merely an adjective or a harmless form of expression to her. Shaw deliberately makes Elizas speech terrible in stage to highlight that ones speech is dominated by their environment.Higgins, on the other hand, knows the use o f this word and uses it to express his anger and frustration. Eventually Eliza does make use of her learned dialect, and it helps her greatly. It allows her to marry a man of the upper class and start her own business, as Higgins foreshadowed.This change was only able to come about later the internal self respect she gained by defending her self-respect from Higgins after the slipper incident. Caliban, a slave who ironically speaks in the same noble verse and Prospero, also benefits from the learned language in the way he is perceived by the other characters in the play such as Trinculo. Though at moments they were both ungrateful, both Eliza and Caliban became empowered and were able to gain a sense of freedom from their own social class by learning language.

How has John Donne treated the theme of love in his poem ‘Lover’s Infiniteness’? Essay

Through his poem, John Donne, expresses his yearning to possess all of his lady- make outs affection. He narrates about the pain and seeings he faces whilst trying to woo her. Lovers Infiniteness is part of Donnes complex collection of literary work cognize as Songs and Sonnets this particular piece was published in 1601. The poem deals with a question of how vast or unconditional someones love thunder mug be, thus the word Infiniteness in the title which expresses the enormity of Donnes love for her.Being a metaphysical poet, Donne induces the elements of religion, identity, passion and reasoning into his poetry- for instance, in this particular proposition poem, he emphasizes his desire for the self-will of his lovers heart all the same, continues to think deeply and question her faithfulness to him. This further leads him into overthinking about the unquestioning love he has for her and how she great power never reciprocate that amount of love to him.The tone of the poem sug gests insecurity and- subtly- jealousy and possessiveness this gutter be evident through lines such as This new love may beget new fears, New love created be, by some new(prenominal) men, The ground, thy heart is minehave it all. exploitation a variety of literary devices, Donne puts across the main idea of the poem vividly.Donne compares love to a transaction wherein he expects his lady-love to place her love to him after he has spent a lot of his sighs, tears, and oaths, and letters to purchase her heart- this is one of the many examples of both metaphor and visual imagery he uses(a clear picture of his efforts is beingness made). Some instances of the usage of paradox can also be seen If thou canst not make it, then thou never gavst it expresses that if she doesnt care for him every(prenominal) single(a) day, then it would mean that never ever cared for him.The entire poem has been written in a well-structured manner of 3 paragraphs consisting 11 lines. Each paragraphs portrays a different aspect of Donnes thoughts regarding his pining for his lover, aiding to a gradual build-up of a climatic ending to the poem. The poem follows a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD.Donne begins with If yet I have not all thy love, /Dear, I shall never have it all. The tone suggests gentleness, but the lover seems to be wanting more(prenominal) from his lady-love more attention, more love and affection. He is completely awestruck by her and deeply craves for her heart he cannot breathe one other sigh, to move, /nor can entreat one other tear to fall for he has been doing so for a very long time and cannot afford to spend any more of his treasures of sighs, tears, and oaths, and letters. He calls her love for him as a gift that is partial the irony -usually love towards a lover isnt supposed to be partial- when he stresses on how her heart might belong to other men as well, not fully his. Donne says Dear, I shall never have thee all, wreaking how he worries abou t she not being his at all in reality.In the second stanza Donne questions his lady-love. He wonders that even if she did give him her all, what if it doesnt last for a long time? The lines convey a sense of insecurity and jealousy the poet feels when he ponders about other men- just like him- who too would go through pain and try to collide with her heart by using their share of sighs, oaths and letters that would outbid him- he fears of losing her. This new love may beget new fears/ for, this love was not vowed by thee, he sadly states out of fear and addressing the harsh reality. The last three lines of the paragraph show a more optimistic side of his And yet it was, thy gift being general, he thinks about the positives of owning her love. He says The ground, thy heart is mine whatever shall/ Grow there, dear, I should have it all he compares her heart to palm where the seed of his love would grow and whatever she feels would be his too- an example of metaphor.John Donne wants a totality of love, but he has also reached the limit of his capacity to feel he wants more to look forward to. The theme of possession and, specifically, commercial transactions underscores the inadequacy the lover feels when he thinks of or discusses the all of love that he requires from the lady. In the third stanza, he imagines their growing love as a kind of deposit with interest- he feels the need for her to pay back every single moment hes spent putting efforts for their relationship with equal amount of love and attention. He could do no more.He that hath all can have no more. After deep thought, Donne comes to a very contrasting conclusion he suggests that if he has earned all of her love and has been granted the ownership of her heart, he wouldnt have anything more to look forward to as he feels that her love for him isnt vast or unconditional- it might at last stop growing.Thou canst not every day give me thy heart/ If thou canst give it, then thou never gavst it he ques tions that if she didnt give him her heart before, then what assures the fact that she will give him her heart later on? Through a painful yet gentle tone he says Loves riddles are, that though thy heart departsavst it, here Donne expresses that even she might never respond to his feelings or leave him, he would still backing her heart- that he once had for a short while- safe and will always cherish the memories that they had shared before.Towards the end of the poem, Donne requests his lady-love to join hearts with him and be everything for each other Than changing hearts, to join them, so we shall/ Be one, and one anothers all.Through 3 paragraphs, Donne successfully conveys the pain, efforts and time he had spent to gain his lady-loves heart. He portrays different the consequences faced while craving for ones love and attention. Subtly expressing his possessiveness and jealousy, he tells of his true, infinite love that he has for her and how he wishes for her to dissolve him w ith same infiniteness.

Marketing Topical Research Paper

Global Marketing Topical Research writing Chu Nguyen Binh DBA Hanoi NorthCentral University (NCU), USA National University of Hanoi (Vietnam) fantastic 2009 Research title Where would be the grocery store place for strange brims in Vietnam after joining WTO? ABBREVIATION BTABilateral Trade Agreement CAR seat of government Adequacy Ratio FBB immaterial lingo split FIBForeign Invested Bank JSCBJoint Stock Commercial Bank JVBJoint Venture Bank MOFMinistry of Finance NPLNon-Performing Loan SBVState Bank of Vietnam SOCBState Owned Commercial Bank SOEState Owned go-ahead SMESmall and Medium-sized Enterprise SSCState Securities CommissionWB sphere Bank WTOWorld Trade Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATION ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION1 2. VIETNAM BANKING SECTOR A SUMMARY1 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIETNAMESE BANKING INDUSTRY3 3. 1. Very Low Market insight3 3. 2. point of emersion in Both Loans and Deposits Far Exceeding GDP Growth3 3. 3. A Highly Concent driftd but Highly Frag mented Banking Market4 3. 4. Heavy Handed prescript with Restrictions on Foreign Banks5 3. 5. Lack of Transp arncy Concerning Quality of Lending6 3. 6. Heavily Under groovyized7 3. 7. Narrow Revenue dwelling house and Few Product Offerings7 3. 8.Unkn own Quantity of Non-performing Loans8 4. BUSINESS purlieu FOR THE BANKING SECTOR9 4. 1. The Governments St dictategy9 4. 2. State Bank of Vietnam Freeing the Tiger9 4. 3. Regulatory Environment Meeting International Standards10 4. 4. Developing the Capital Markets11 5. PROSPECTS FOR BANKING SECTOR GOING FORWARD12 5. 1. Non-Performing Loan Ratios to Rise, just Risks of Bank Failures Looms12 5. 2. Further Development Inhibited by Low Capital and Technology12 6. CONCLUSION14 REFERENCES15 ABSTRACT Vietnams confideing organisation is dominated by five state-owned banks, with around 70% of system assets at end-2008.Around 38 private banks comprise approximately an differentwise 25%, with the balance substantially accounted for by a host of unusual banks. In recent years, the private banks, being much commercially oriented, perk up grown apace at the expense of the state-owned banks market sh atomic number 18. The unconnected banks have also grown, as opportunities improved for them after Vietnam entered a bilateral trade agreement with the US in 2001 and acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2006. The Research Paper go forth examine the Vietnams banking bea as a whole, including general characteristics of the Vietnamese banking market.It then analyzes the proportion in term of impart and deposit of state-owned, occasion stock, joint venture and foreign banks. In the second part, the report constitutes opportunities for foreign banks to pe authorizerate the Vietnam market under spic-and-span legal requirement of the Vietnamese Government. They green goddess establish century% foreign bank entity, purchase stake in topical anaesthetic banks or set up joint venture with Vietnamese part ners. Finally, it ordain examine strengths and difficulties in ground of engineering, expertise and experience, service quality, risk appetite, etc. f the foreign banks when opemilitary rating in Vietnam market. 1. INTRODUCTION There are a lot of banks in Vietnam. Too many in fact. Currently there are five state-run commercial banks, 38 joint stock commercial banks, four joint-venture banks, 29 foreign bank branches, 45 foreign bank representative offices, five finance companies and nine finance leasing firms operating in Vietnam. Since 1992, Vietnam has moved to a diversified sys-tem in which state-owned, joint-stock, joint-venture and foreign banks provide services to a broader client base.However, the four main state-owned commercial banks the Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), the Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam (Vietcombank), the Industrial and Commercial Bank of Vietnam (Incombank) and the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD) account for around 70% of all lending activity. In a trade agreement with the United States signed five years ago, Vietnam fully committed to al broken in in foreign banks by 2010 at the latest, and to expose the banking sector to foreign competition. Under WTO entry rules the door may have to be opened even sooner than that.This has prompted foreign banking groups to closely scrutinize the Vietnamese banking sector as a business opportunity in itself. 2. VIETNAM BANKING SECTOR A SUMMARY Vietnamese banking market is currently dominated by the five study State-Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs), with 38 semi-private so-called joint stock commercial banks (JSCBs) gradually eating into their market share by better catering to the needs of wasted and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and retail clients. Years of lax financial policy focused on supporting export-led GDP fruit has flooded the banking system with money, pushing up redit growth to an yearly just of 36. 4% over the past five years (20 03-2007), hitting a peak of 54. 9% last year according to World Bank figures. High liquidity and a scramble for market share have resulted in a degree of aggressive lending, in particular to investments in the real estate and stock markets, which both experienced rapid gloomyturns in 2007 and early 2008. State-Owned Commercial Banks The five SOCBs Agribank, Bank for Investment and Development (BIDV), Vietcombank, Vietinbank and Vietnam Development Bank hold roughly two thirds of banking assets according to IMF sources.The SOCBs are still encumbered by their previous role as instruments for implementing government policy. Indeed, the strong links between senior bank executives and the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam, and other state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have impeded much-needed corporate restructuring. Hence, SOEs still receive preferential treatment in loan allocation, resulting in the SOCBs running up high non-performing loan (NPL) dimensions. The SOCBs are currently repo rting NPL ratios of around 3%, but we are expecting this figure to rise to 5% onwards the end of 2008.However, we carry doubts about the reliability of ex officio figures and suspect the real ratios could be signifi shagtly higher. Joint-Stock Commercial Banks The 38 JSCBs presently control roughly 20-25% of banking assets in Vietnam, but are quickly eating into the market shares of the big SOCBs by providing superior services to SMEs and retail savers. The JSCBs are generally better managed and more profitable than the SOCBs, but suffer from low capitalisation, which has made them vulnerable to Vietnams domestic character crunch, prompted by the SBVs rapid tightening of its monetary policy.Foreign Banks HSBC and Standard contract and a number of other foreign banks are already present in the Vietnamese market through joint ventures with JSCBs. HSBC increased its stake in Techcombank to 20% in August and Standard Chartered chivvyd its stake in Asia Commercial Bank (ACB) to 15% in May 2008, but foreign banks have been prevented from increasing their stakes by restrictions on foreign ownership of domestic banks. Vietnam currently limits the shareholding a foreign bank can take in a domestic counterpart to 20%, with the total foreign ownership control to 30%. 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIETNAMESE BANKING INDUSTRY . 1. Very Low Market Penetration There are precisely about six million bank accounts in Vietnam, five million of them for individuals which amounts to a incursion rate of about 6%. In reality, the effective potential market size is about 20 million or trebles the current penetration level. That is the size of the AB socioeconomic differentiate in Vietnam. Even so, if we compare this to the internet and mobile penetration rate of 14% and 12% the number is rather low. The reason is simple the distribution and root of banking services is very poor relative to the telecommunications industry, which has virtual national coverage.By contrast, banks a re almost unheard of in secondary cities and rural areas. With a low urban population of about 29%, banks simply dont have easy access to over 70% of the population. There are other reasons, of course. Until recently the government had encouraged a cash economy by paying state employees in cash there is a traditional misgiving of banks the banks themselves have done a poor job of providing services to the retailing public and dispirited businesses too are poorly served by banks un go outing to depict them large loans unless they have the collateral to back it up.Of course the banking industry is growing rapidly with both deposits and loans expanding at high, double-digit growth rates per annum. And some banks such as Vietcombank, ACB, Sacombank, and Techcombank are making a determined effort to court the retail market. 3. 2. Rate of Growth in Both Loans and Deposits Far Exceeding GDP Growth Credit growth in Vietnam has been expanding at a breakneck speed these last few years. Not surprisingly given heady GDP growth. Nonetheless, the continue rate of increase over several years has advertized eyebrows at international bodies such as the IMF and World Bank.They like their credit growth at room temperature, rather than piping hot. Well piping hot is what theyve got. In fact, the state-owned banks saw credit grow at an annual average rate of 24% over the past five years. Given the inability of some bankers to distinguish a good credit risk from a blighted one (assuming they have a choice) this is non entirely a good thing. Hence the international sigh of disbelief that such stellar credit growth has been accompanied by a falling NPL ratio.According to some economists a 7% GDP growth rate can accommodate an annual credit growth rate of about 14-20%, roughly a factor of two without generating a lending bubble. However, credit growth rates above that level for any extended result of time are unhealthy for an economy. Admittedly credit growth rates have been f alling for the last year down to about 15% as the central bank has tried to rein in credit departments. So far this year in fact lending has expanded at only about 16% nationwide. Going forward the speed of credit growth may surface start expanding again as WTO becomes a reality.One bank has forecast that credit could grow at 35% per annum over the next five years given sufficient access to capital. While the better banks could in all likelihood cope with this, the temptation for others to take on too much risk is high. 3. 3. A Highly Concentrated but Highly Fragmented Banking Market volt state banks have carved up 70% of the loan market while forty-odd joint-stock banks and a host of foreign banks scrap for the remaining 30%. analyse this with the US where the ten biggest commercial banks control only 49% of the countrys banking assets, up from 29% a decade ago.Thus, at the top tier, the market acts like an oligopoly, while beneath the surface there is a holy war going on as mi te-sized private sector banks scrap for the rest. Since the market itself is growing so fast this may not seem so bad. The state banks are also slowly bleeding market share. Even so things look very lopsided. Enter the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), concerned about the fragmented nature of the private sector banks. They go forth portray advanced regulations to soldiery another round of consolidation in the near future.One way of doing this is to set high hurdles for any new established bank before it can get a license. All banks allow need to have contract capital of VND 1 trillion ($62. 8 million) which is exceeded by the existing capital of only the very biggest JSCBs such as ACB and Sacombank. All other existing banks fall far short and will need to scramble for new capital or merge in order to meet the new requirements. And that is just the first round. From next year the SBV has circulated a draft proposal to raise the minimum capital level to about US$300 million.And there you have the consolidation trigger. 50% of the JSCBs face merger or takeover. They will also have to demonstrate experience in banking governance. Banks will need to commit to Basel 2 standards from 2010. One of the report issues is the regulation of key stakeholders, such as a bar on lending to stakeholders or their affiliates. This is to prevent corporations from using their own banks as private piggy-banks. Currently a corporate of family can own up to 40% of a joint-stock commercial bank. 3. 4. Heavy Handed Regulation with Restrictions on Foreign BanksThe government still exerts strong control on the banking sector in two ways. Directly, through various regulations and restrictions which govern how they conduct business and strictly licensing the type of businesses they can enter and indirectly through the interference of a multitudinous of agencies and ministries, both local and national, who want to have a say on how scarce credit resources are allocated. The state-owned ba nking system is trying to shift from direct policy lending to a commercial system. alone the transition is proving slow and painful.Given the legacy of state control at both national and local level its hardly surprising that the state-owned banks routinely complain about interference in their lending decisions and overall management. It seems that banking is too important to be unexpended to bankers. The culture of social and political lending is still dominant amongst local officials and bureaucrats, as is the idea of consensus building and consultation before decisions are taken. To be fair, the occupation has been recognized and things are getting better.With the proposed re-organization of the SBV for example, fewer local branches should reduce the amount of day-to-day noise coming in to credit departments. local authorities will have less leverage in leaning on banks without the local central bank office to back them up. And the recently announced decree allowing for 100% f oreign-owned bank branches will finally set the stage for a level playing field for foreign banks. However, without eliminating limits on branch openings and mobilization of Dong deposits (currently limited to 350% of total capital for foreign banks) some painful shackles will remain. . 5. Lack of Transparency Concerning Quality of Lending Lending decisions in Vietnam are still ground more on relationships than cash decrease. The assessment of loan customers is usually driven by the relationship with the bank and the size of the collateral being offered. Cash flow driven assessment and qualitative analysis is reserved for large private sector customers only. Amongst the large banks only ACB bank uses DCF analysis across their entire customer base. The problem is partly due to outside interference in the decision making process and partly due to a lack of professional guidance.The absence of IT base of operations to support professional credit analysis is another major factor. An other issue is exposure. Most banks lend a lot of money to a fairly narrow base of customers. The top 30 state-owned corporations probably account for over half of the state banks lending books. The private sector joint-stock commercial banks (JSCBs) are no different. 3. 6. Heavily Undercapitalized One of the legacies of state ownership is a repellent shortage of capital at the state banks, a quality shared by private sector commercial banks as well.Government restrictions on equity holdings combined with a bond market that hardly functions has made height chartered capital very difficult for banks. Average capital adequacy ratios (CAR) in amongst Vietnamese banks stood at 4. 5% at the end of 2007. This compares with an average CAR of 13. 1% in Asia Pacific and 12. 3% in South-East Asia. Admittedly with large scale raising of capital this year this number is improving. With most of the state banks well below the minimum 8% capital adequacy ratio for Tier 2 capital, lack of access to the international capital markets has constrained their growth.And this valuation is at least based on a vary generous reading of their NPLs. The JSCBs are in only a slightly better state with a fistful able to cross the 8% hurdle rate. The rest are pitiful. And given that the domestic capital markets are still in the fledgling stages, raising new capital has been the biggest headache for all banks. The stronger JSCBs have responded partly by selling shares to foreign strategic partners. Further down the line, where profitability is lower and capital curiously skimpy the options are more limited. The SBV is chary of allowing littler anks to raise capital from foreign investors. Going forward all of the banks have substantial appetites for raising kick upstairs capital, to shore up their Tier 2 capital base to bring them over the 8% CAR hurdle by 2010. 3. 7. Narrow Revenue Base and Few Product Offerings Most Vietnamese banks make money from loans. And thats basically it. Compa re that to Western banks that make about a quarter of their income from fees credit card fees, lending fees, arranging fees, etc. and most have branched into wealth management. Well, not in Vietnam.To be fair this is tied into the lack of availability of credit history banks dont like lending to strangers they know nothing about. The state banks are generally geared to the large corporate and state-owned sector, providing syndicated loans for utilities, infrastructure projects, heavy industry and property developers. JSCBs are geared mainly towards lending to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and the wealthier retail customers. However given their low penetration and limited branch network they only reach a fraction of their potential customer base.Car loans, mortgages and house improvement loans are retail staples. And small business loans using property as capital is the basic model for the SME market. In general, the Vietnamese banking model is best described as relati onship-based rather than product-based as in international banks. 3. 8. Unknown Quantity of Non-performing Loans If you were to cerebrate the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) statistics the non-performing loans problem has been largely dealt with since 2000. Amongst the state-owned banks, non-performing loans (NPLs) have fallen steadily from 12. % in 2000 to 8. 5%, 8. 0% and 4. 47% in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Under a new stricter definition, the official number in 2008 has risen to about 7. 7%. Overall, about half of the NPLs are on the watch list, which is the second of five lending categories in the new SBV scoring system. The other half fall into the three categories below watch list which are of greater concern. For private sector JSCBs, average NPLs were said to be around the 1% level at the end of 2007. Of course few believe the official numbers.International bodies carried out a similar exercise using Ernst & Young and found that NPLs in the system using international accounting standard definitions came to about 15-20% of outstanding loans in the state-owned sector. This number is conservative due to limited data a figure between 20-25% is probably a fairer estimate. In this respect the slow development of the banking industry is a blessing in disguise, things could be a whole lot worse. The worry is that the gap between the official version and the real picture is large and may indeed be growing.Most NPLs are generated by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) refusing to pay their obligations to state-owned banks. Pre-equalization is a favorite time to draw up off or simply clear out these loans. That way SOEs can start their new life in the private sector unencumbered by debts. So apart from asking the government to honor the SOEs commitment and trying to seize collateral there is precious little banks can do. There is not yet an effective secondary market for bad debt, although attempts to kick-start one are ongoing.There are very few NPLs sale and purchase transaction taking place. 4. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT FOR THE BANKING SECTOR 4. 1. The Governments Strategy After a long period of hesitation and hints of action the government has come up with a fast-track roadmap to liberalize the financial sector by 2010. Under the roadmap, the state will retain a controlling stake in the banks but its holdings will be quickly reduced to 51%. Foreign ownership will account for a maximum of 30% of total shares, while each strategic foreign institutional investor currently allowed to hold 10-20% at most.The 20% limit may be eventually erased but the 30% cap will mystify for the time being. Basel 1 will be in effect until 2010, when the stricter Basel 2 standards for corporate governance will be introduced. The government will have to introduce further legislation before then to force banks compliance, particularly at the ownership level. This may create some buying opportunities amongst the JSCBs as families are hale to reduce their stake. 4. 2. State Bank of Vietnam Freeing the TigerIn theory the central bank enjoys a wide remit. In practice it cant do much without a legion of agencies and ministries throwing in their pennys worth of advice. The central bank, the SBV, currently acts as the sole supervisory and regulatory torso for the banking sector. It also owns the state-owned banks and sets interest rates. There is a clear need to separate the various roles of the SBV and give it increased autonomy in those areas such as monetary policy and regulation of the banking sector, which are clearly in its remit.The SBV also needs to be free of its role as custodian of the states shareholdings in the banking sector. The SBV sees several key roles for itself in the future compiling and executing monetary policy, ensuring stability of the credit institutional system, act as a regulator to the banking system. In order to achieve this it needs legislative backing to clearly define its relationship with the National Assembl y, government and all government agencies. In simple terms stop the incessant interference from other parties so that the SBV can get on with the job.After all, if the central bank is not allowed to set interest rate policy and regulate the banking sector without being leaned on, what hope is their for individual banks to lend money without getting the same treatment. Another issue is the lack of cooperation with the MOF on key issues such as bad debt and bank equitisation. MOF has often written off state-owned companies bad debt without consulting the banks. And the State Securities Commission (SSC), the stock market regulator often stable on issuing licenses for banks to list. The two dont play well together. 4. 3. Regulatory Environment Meeting International StandardsThere are a myriad of regulations and decrees covering almost every aspect of the financial sector but we would like to look briefly at just three topics progress removing restrictions from foreign banks, meeting i nternational banking standards and the treatment of NPLs. With regard to meeting international banking standards, the government has appeared to follow WB recommendations to provide the necessary framework for an integrated financial system as required under WTO rules. And so in the last few years some of the necessary legislation has been pushed into place. On the NPLs, the central bank issued closing No. 93 to reclassify bad debts and risk reserves closer to international norms. So far, three state-owned banks (SOBs) claim to have successfully reduced their bad debt ratios to less than 5% in accordance with the new rules. Too successfully in fact, but more on this later. Overall the regulatory authorities are making an effort to converge with international standards in the financial sector, but with WTO membership and the 2010 deadline looming, time is not a friend. And foreign banks are still allowed to raise Dong deposits only to a ceiling of 350% of their chartered capital.In effect this locks them out of the domestic deposit market and is the most important impediment for their intricacy plans. 4. 4. Developing the Capital Markets Banks need more tier 2 capital and bonds will provide the bulk of that. However with the bond market in its early childhood there are still major constraints on the banks ability to raise sufficient capital quickly to reach the 8% capital adequacy ratio they crave. The infrastructure for developing the bond market is still not in place. HSBC is only now offering to provide a pilot rating turning away to enable potential investors to gauge the creditworthiness of various bond issuers.Fitch and Moodys have also dipped their toes in the market, rating Sacombank and BIDV respectively. However rating services are horribly expensive and there needs to be a domestic agency to offer these services at prices most banks can afford. Another key hurdle lies with interest rate guidelines in place at all maturities along the yield curve. This prevents risk weightings and effectively bars smaller or weaker banks from coming to the market to issue capital whilst compensating for the higher risk by offering higher coupons. 5. PROSPECTS FOR BANKING SECTOR GOING FORWARD . 1. Non-Performing Loan Ratios to Rise, But Risks of Bank Failures Looms It is likely that there will be an increase in non-performing loan (NPL) ratios from the present 4-5% as an increasing number of companies and households default on their loans on the back of higher interest rates and slowing economic activity. A complicating factor in assessing the risk posed by deteriorating loan portfolios is that Vietnamese banks are currently applying a new system of internal credit rating schemes and debt classification systems in accordance with international standards.Implementation has so far been assorted between banks, making intra-sector comparisons a complicated business. Consultancy Ernst & Young has estimated that the application of the new standard s is likely to lead to an increase in disclosed NPL ratios of 2-3 times, i. e. to the IMF estimates of 15-20%. While the new standards will make the NPL figures more internationally comparable, the resulting increase in the ratios is likely to create uncertainty about the proportion which can be attributed to the new standards and how much is down to an actual deterioration of loan portfolios.However, it can be believed that the effects on the overall economy from possible bank failures can be contained by larger JSCBs taking over smaller banks pushed to the brink by loan defaults and low capitalisation. Nonetheless, there readiness be possibility that the government or central bank will need to intervene to force mergers between banks and possibly also recapitalize those in worst health. 5. 2. Further Development Inhibited by Low Capital and Technology Consolidation should be a positive for the banking sector by decreasing excessive competition and increasing capitalization levels .Nonetheless, capital shortages, low technology and a shortage of skilled staff, especially at higher levels, will continue to inhibit the development of the banking sector. This will leave domestic banks exposed to the might of international banking giants such as HSBC and Standard Chartered, which are initially committing US$183 million and US$61 million respectively to their Vietnamese subsidiaries, placing them well in league with the larger JSCBs. Increased competition from foreign players will thus constitute a potent threat to domestic banks, which will be constrained to improve services if they want to maintain their market share.Further expansion will need regulatory approval from the State Bank of Vietnam. The IMF has, in its annual review of the Vietnamese economy, set improvement of financial supervision as a prime task for the government in its reform agenda. The government raising the foreign ownership ratio to 25% for individual banks and 35% in total in 2009-2010 in order to maintain foreign banks interest in holding stakes in domestic players, thus assisting in technology transfer.With the current system in place, there is a risk of a severe divide between better-capitalised, more technically advanced and better-managed foreign banks and a still relatively undeveloped domestic sector suffering from both a shortage of capital and low efficiency. Vietnamese banks are still primarily focused on taking deposits and lending and thus completely inexperienced in asset management and other financial services tipped to be the main growth areas in the Vietnamese banking market going forward.Domestic players, in particular the larger SOCBs, may have an advantage through their established branch network and client base, but this factor can be rapidly eroded as HSBC and Standard Chartered extend their operations. The threat from foreign banks will be particularly potent for the SOCBs, where reform has been slow in venom of the governments intention to pla ce them foremost in the queue in the so-called equitisation process of transferring SOEs to private hands.It is incredible that the government will find takers for its offers of 10-20% stakes in SOCBs for strategic foreign players if it does not radically review its privatisation procedures. With the state-owned banks constrained by politicised decision-making and the private banks suffering from a severe lack of capital, HSBC, Standard Chartered and other regional players will gain the upper hand over time as their extensive experience, superior technology, and readier access to capital work in their favor.It is unlikely that foreign players will dominate the Vietnamese banking sector in 10-15 years time, with the larger JSCBs being majority-owned by foreigners and the role of the once-impressive SOCBs reduced to supporting inefficient state-owned companies and boorish households. 6. CONCLUSION In Vietnam, there is only less than 10% of Vietnamese currently use banks for financia l services, instead largely relying on extended families and neighbourhood associations for lending and saving. However, a rising number of younger Vietnamese are now using banks for financial services, opening up great expansion opportunities in retail banking.The Vietnamese banking sector is a veritably good destination for early entrants as poorly-capitalised and inefficient domestic banks are ill-prepared for the opening of the banking market to foreign entrants as pledged in Vietnams accession to the WTO in January 2007. With bank penetration at less than 10% and the Vietnamese economy forecast to grow by an average 7. 8% annually over the next ten years, the growth opportunities are great for foreign players. Top of Form REFERENCES Johny K. Johansson (2006). GLOBAL MARKETING Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, & Global Management. McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition, International Edition.ISBN 007-124454-9. Vinacapital. Vietnam Equity Research. August 15, 2006 Fitch Ratings, Vietnam Speci al Report Vietnamese Banks Focus on Asset Quality Three sample Scenarios. February 25, 2009 at www. fitchratings. com Vietnamese Banks A Home-Made Liquidity Squeeze? May 2008 Jaccar Equity Research, Vietnam. Banks and Financial Services. The Bubbles did not Burst but Turned Grey. May 18, 2009 at www. jaccar. net Fulbright Research Project, The Banking System of Vietnam Past, Present and Future. Nam Tran Thi Nguyen, 2001. at www. iie. org/fulbrightweb/BankingPaper_Final. pdf retrieved on 27 Feb 2009.

Lb160 Etma 01

LB160 eTMA 01 Summary of case study on Brompton Bicycles Brompton Bicycles, estimate this year they will swop 19,000 folding bikes with profits of ? 925,000 before tax but they plan to to boost production to 50,000 bikes a year with a ? 1million production revamp and a freehand sales push focused overseas. The company is aware they need to see significant sales growth both in the Uk and overseas if they want to freeze a competitor in the fast growing global market, but they shoot encountered problems such as capacity and slow production times on with patents which expired 8 years ago.Although they are still covered by copyright other competitors can copy the invention. There is also the problem of world based in London so the company does not benefit from the low wage structure of Taiwan, where 80% of bikes are made. Brompton are unwilling to relocate as they have had to train most of its 85 staff in specific skills.Brompton are competitive in other cost areas as they have kept changes to their bikes minimal over the past 20 years so have been able to invest in tools and all their previous marketing has been through with(predicate) word of mouth, which they do need to focus on in the future. Although competitors may compare on quality and undercut them on price, last year hotshot competitor made 350,000 bikes, Brompton believes in engineering ethos and producing bikes which are built to last so does not want to lose sight of the quality of their bikes and become a mainstream dealer, as this would lose its appeal.

Popular culture can be seenas a tool for maintaining status quo, discuss this point of view

redness school of thought argues that nightspot is structured by and is divided into classes with the ruling one being at the outdo of the hierarchy. No matter which class takes that friendly power (hegemony) and becomes the bourgeoisie of its time, there is always a deal to maintain it, thus controlling the proletariat by any means at hand. In this strain I will discuss how hot culture is used to achieve this goal according to the Marxist point of popular opinion.In the modern times culture and classes ar mostly confined within person states, although interchangeable cultural set and process of globalisation might be developing in our society, they are not yet matured enough to challenge the key capitalist ideology. The state in faith of such Marxist as Louis Althusser is the kind of governmental formation that arises with capitalism a state (term nation merchant ship also be applicable in this case) is determined by the capitalist mode of production and form to prote ct its interests.It is historically true (whether you are a Marxist or not) that the idea of nations as distinguishable units is coterminous with capitalism. He sees such political ideologies as democracy for example, as providers of an illusion that all population are equal, and have equal power (and hence masks relations of economic exploitation). Culture is a unvaried succession of social practices it is therefore inherently political (John Fiske) Althusser declared in his works that there are both main ways in which the elect can manipulate lower classes Ideological State Apparatuses is one of such mechanisms.These are institutions, which generate ideologies, which we as individuals (and groups) then internalize, and act in accordance with. Examples include schools, religions, the family, efficacious systems, politics, arts, sports and media. As we will see later, popular culture can be used in confederation with these ISAs. Since the end of 19th century television starte d to play a major role in our lives. It generates values, ideas and messages that we a lot do not question thoroughly enough to understand their indented meanings.Thus, arguably it is the tool social elite uses to controls us. Due to the fact that television is often blended into the term popular culture or is defined as significant element of popular culture I shall base my discussion around its example. agree to such theorists as John Fiske and Wiesengrund Adorno mass media promote low cultural concepts (to which all this of popularity are charge according to elitist point of view) that are meant to keep the members of the lower society classes passive or even drug to fuel the capitalist machine.A good example would be a BBC news report that is considered to be trustworthy source of information. Every day before report goes on air its content is tendingfully edited to fit in with the current government agendas and social norms. Even though issues raised may concern a varie ty of professional debates within the society, they are simplified and implemented in the govern language to be easily understood, hence dummed down to the level of the lowest common denominator that is proletariat. Amongst such concepts is good culture which links well with the culture industry.First endorses the view that people in modern society are nothing more than a set of branded goods and are easily manipulated. This theory connotes that anything could be purchased in the capitalist society for a certain amount of money that serve as crowning(prenominal) lever of the classes. John Fiske goes on to expand this idea to suggest that even loyalty, love and friendship values can be corrupted by this type of popular culture. Supporting these statements is a difficult confinement however, let us look at some common to all of us things.Non-compulsory military overhaul could suggest purchasable loyalty it offers good wages and high quality training in convince for your disembod ied spirit (extreme and blunt example yet makes a point). Commodity culture in its turn, as stated by Adorno, keeps us passively satisfied and politically disinterested. It provides us with false needs to take care of and a set of fetishistic desires, which invade our lives. All of this is said to exhaust our economic potential to the point we discharge our upward mobility and become an inactive part of the society that poses no threat to the ruling elites hegemony.Take public TV shows and property market. Do we really need to know that some of our fellow humans cant talk? Or do we need to keep buying and selling properties until we have large mortgages, high levels of nervous strain and no real power? Yet most of the people master the art of making do that is popular culture values. Finally French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu divided capital into cultural and financial parts. He reasoned that similar to variable access to money and thus power by different classes and social grou ps, there is a variable possession of cultural and symbolic power.Hence by embracing popular culture we lower our cultural capital that affects our status and meaning within the modern society. Marxist view of the society is quite dated now, yet it still provides alarmingly appropriate to modern day life ideas. Nonetheless, it is important to understand that in its extreme and pure form Marxist view can single lead to wild conspiracy theories and delusional arguments. In my opinion Marxism should be used in federation and contrast with its rival theories in order to reach realistic conclusions.

International Institutions and Realism

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global body Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW so-and-so INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Nations call for cooperation especially during and after crisis. bingle physical exercise was the Bretton Wood system created in 1944, with the purpose to revive the orbiculate economy after the estimcapable damage in WWII. After the 2008 financial crisis, nations again asked for more transnational regulations and monitoring on the world-wide financial system and suggested the Bretton Wood II.When we step back and think again, does the internationalist regime assuage cooperation between nations to solve world(prenominal) issues? The school of Liberalism pukes more emphasis on the role of international constitutions. Robert Keohane delineate sanctuarys as persistent and connected sets of rules, both formal and informal, that pr escribe demeanoural roles, constrain activity, and shape expectations (1). By definition, global M maventary Fund (IMF), World guess, World handicraft Organization (WTO) are formal institution patch Bretton Wood Agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are informal.Under the anarchy environment in the international platform, it is workable to facilitate cooperation through the establishment of international constitutions by two specific features centralisation and Independence (2). It is the independence and neutral characteristic of the international organizations that enhance the legitimacy of its actions, causing states pass oning to bring in together and authorize the international organizations to centralize the activities and ultimately achieve cooperation. This reduces transaction costs and amplify efficiency.Institutions devise activities including setting up forums and conferences, managing substantive operations, norm elaboration, neutral inform ation giver, acting as trustee/arbiter, handling and enforcement (2). We take identified 5 signature international institutions (IMF, World Bank, Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO) as examples below to ornament how the conduct of the above mentioned activities through the international organizations facilitate cooperation in the modern history. (I) IMF, World Bank, the Bretton Wood System and GATTBoth IMF and World Bank were established since the Bretton Wood system began. After WWII, countries suffered from poor economy as global production and trade were dampened during the war period. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, countries attempted to shore up their failing economies by sharply raising barriers to opposed trade, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export grocery stores, and curtailing their citizens freedom to hold foreign convert. These attempts proved to be self-importance-defeating. World trade declined sharply, and employment and li ving standards plummeted in m each countries (3).There was strong mutual interest amongst the states to boost up the economy. To facilitate trade and production, a stable fiscal system is prerequisite and this is where the Bretton Wood system began. The US took the lead to stabilize the international monetary system by pegging USD into meretricious at a fixed rate (USD35 / ounce of specie) while the remaining 44 countries agreed to storage area their exchange rates pegged to USD at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a organic disequilibrium in the balance of payments, and only with the IMFs covenant.The IMF therefore became the independent clearing house of the balance of payments and to ensure the exchange rate mechanism worked as specified. transnational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), now the World Bank Group underwrite private loans to stimulate economy. Both the organizations obtained the legitimacy from their independence and neutrality hence was able to manage the substantive operations between states efficiently and effectively. Members in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) agreed on reduction in tariffs and trade barriers amongst members.The GATT, unlike the IMF and World Bank, was not an independent organization but rather a forum within which countries met. This provides a platform for elites to negotiate and reach agreement and avoid conflicts and adverse competition. With the GATT rounds held between 1947 and 1967, most barriers have been removed and tariffs have been the lowest. With the Bretton Wood framework in place along with the newly established international institutions which provide free market, long term outstanding and stable monetary system, global trade and production exploded during the period.Over the archetypal 25 postwar years, the masses of world trade doubled every 10 years (4). This has been proven as a undefeated international cooperation in the modern history. (II) World Trad e Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO replaced GATT as the center of world trade system. Its core principles are to promote market liberalization, non-discrimination and provide statutory structure for international trade. Same as GATT, it provides forum for trade negotiations and administers trade agreements.In addition, WTO overly supplies mechanism through which governments whitethorn resolve trade disputes, review and propagate the national trade policies, provide useful data and information, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. The Decision making process is transparent, rules based and members driven. Each member government has one vote. WTO members have agreed that, if they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes or else of taking action unilaterally.The Dispute Settlemen t Board consists of the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, independent experts and several specialized institutions (WTO website). concord to WTO data, world merchandise exports worth over $5 trillion in 1998. In real terms, that represents an 18-fold summation over 1948. Exports of manufactures were 43 times larger than 50 years earlier. Over the same period, world getup grew 8-fold, and world production of manufactures 10-fold. It is the independent and fair decision making process and the neutral dispute small town mechanism given the legitimacy of WTO to attract members.The monitoring role and dispute settlement mechanism chuck up the sponge states to subjugate market failures in international relations. Hence WTO can fully perform its functions to facilitate cooperation in order to promote trade. From the above examples, international institutions while maintaining independence and neutrality, promote states cooperation and achieve objectives by increase th e efficiency of collective activities, reducing conflicts, facilitating communications and negotiation and implementation of agreements. Realist a had different interpretation in the role of these international institutions. tralatitious realists recognize that institutions are a vital part of the landscape of world governance. Traditional realism assess the effectiveness of institutions in 2 ways (5) A Institution as tools of em conditionment modify hagemon to rule others and to manage regional and world affairs more effectively and efficiently than would be possible in their absence. B Institution as constraint such as balance of power politics and contrive diplomacy guide and direct Great world-beater behavior in accordance with the established rules of the game. We will continue with the example of 1944 Bretton Wood System to illustrate the above 2 points below.Harry Dexter White and magic trick Maynard Keynes, the architect of the Bretton Wood System, was disappointed by t he final evolution of the Bretton Woods institutions, for Keynes believed that the politicians were perverting the original ideas. The final envision guaranteed pre sanction of the US due to various reasons including emphasis on USD by linking all currencies to USD, dominance of US power in the weighted percentage vote in IMF. However, this is inevitable in the realities of power politics as US was the lender while rest of the world were the borrower and US was the only superpower at that time.This rationalizeed the point A above that the hagemon (US) dominance to rule others and able to manage the international trade and monetary system more effectively and efficiently by putting the states into the Bretton Wood agreement and establishment of the institutions. The US and other states were constrained within the agreement and monitoring by the institutions as described in the above point B. While US constrained the other states by the guaranteed predominance in the system, US at t he same time was constrained by losing its freedom on domestic policy as USD is pegged at a fixed rate to gold.Neorealists tend to downplay the role of institutions on cooperation. John Mearsheimer described international institution as a set of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with one another and claims that institutions matter only on the margins and have minimal influence on state behavior (6). Structural realists in the Waltzian vein also paid little attention to international institutions. Neorealists argue that institution cause states to behave in ways they otherwise would not behave, for example foregoing short term, self interest in favor of long-term community goals (Jervis 1983).In contrast, neoliberals claim that institutions matter because they enable states to do things they otherwise could not do, that is, achieve mutual gains from cooperation. Neorealists conceptualize institutions as constraints on state behavior neolibera ls see them as enabling states to reach mutually beneficial, cooperative outcomes. Neorealists emphasis on sexual relation gains distribution amongst the actors within the institutions, while Neoliberals emphasis on maximizing overall absolute gains obtained in the community.The first point made by neorealists on the role of international institutions is the emphasis on sexual relation gains among actors could critically inhibit international cooperation. Therefore, they whitethorn sometimes abstain from cooperation even when it would be beneficial for them in absolute terms. The overall result is that international institutions are more difficult to create and harder to maintain than neoliberals would have to believe. The likelihood for an institution to be put in place and to be stable is the greatest when the expected gains are balanced such that relative losses do not accrue (7).Without a higher power, states must worry slightly any state gaining a relative advantage through c ooperation, because todays friend may be tomorrows enemy in war (8). Just like what we have seen today, most of the institutions were first led by US as a higher power. States not only concern about cheating but also worry over the distribution of relative gains must be overcome for cooperation to blossom. One example would be the refusal of states to join the binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries in the second committedness period under the Kyoto Protocol at UN climate talk in November 2011.While the biggest emitting countries US, China and India refused to join, the existing countries in Kyoto Protocol, including Canada, Japan and Russia have already refused to sign on for a second commitment period, objecting to the lack of legal constraints on the worlds biggest carbon polluters. Europe says it can accept a continuation, provided China and the fall in States show they are serious about major cuts in the coming years. This evidenced when there is relative gains distribution issue and worries on cheating, cooperation is not possible.The second point is that institutions are epiphenomenal, that they merely reflect power and interest (9). They challenge the Independence of the international institutions. Institutions existed but do not mitigate in any way the anarchy of the international system and is the same world of power politics familiar to realists institutions delineate by powerful to serve their interests, and they are dissolved when power and interest shift. To illustrate, we will continue with the example of Bretton Wood system.During the late stage of Bretton Wood system, US power was declining as relied heavily on dearth spending while the other states growing surplus and gaining economic power. The intrinsic value of USD was declining due to deficit spending, over-investment outside US, spending on maintaining the military bases and the two wars US was fighting (Vietnam War and the large increase in social spending know n as the War on Poverty) (4). While USD was officially pegged to gold at USD35 per ounce, USD was overvalued and investors and governments rushed to sell USD for gold.From 1961 until 1968, 7 billion dollars was cashed in, which took up more than 40% of US gold reserve. In 1971, US announced stopping the conversion of USD into gold and devaluation of USD. After the second devaluation of USD in 1973, all the states quitted the fixed exchange rate system and hence the Bretton Wood system officially collapsed since consequently together with the significantly reduced importance of IMF and World Bank. In my opinion, both schools of thoughts are important to explain different matters in different scenario.There is no one single answer towards whether international institutions facilitate cooperation or the opposite. As explained with the example of Bretton Wood system throughout the whole article, both liberal institutionalism and realism explained the frame-up of the system from differe nt perspective while realism explained the end of the cooperation. It appears that the effective cooperation induced by institutions is more transient in nature while power politics between the states is driving the backbone of the story.I believe realist view on international institution is more relevant to explain many of the critical outcomes in modern history. However, with globalization becomes the main theme of 21st century, role of state is diminishing as the dominance of multinational corporations does not preclude the characters of state. This creates more common interests between states, which make cooperation easier. The role of international institutions may be gradually enhanced and we may reach another conclusion. Works Cited 1. Keohane, Robert O. International lnstitutions and State Power Essays in International Theory.Boulder Westview Press, 1989 2. Abbott Kenneth and Snidal Duncan. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Ch. 11 , Why States Act through Forma l International Organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution. , 1998 3. IMF website. Cooperation and reconstruction (194471) http//www. imf. org/external/about/histcoop. htm 4. Frieden Jeffrey A. Global Capitalism Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. United States of America Norton Paperback 2007 5. Schweller Randall and Priess David. A Tale of Two Realisms Expanding the Institutions Debate.Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 41, No. 1 (May, 1997), pp. 1-32 6. Mearsheimer, John. The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security. 1994/95 19(3)5-49. 7. Hasenclever Andreas, Mayer Peter and Rittberger Volker. Integrating Theories of International Regimes. Review of International Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan. , 2000), pp. 3-33 8. Grieco, Joseph M. , Powell Robert, and Nidal Duncans. The Relative-Gains Problem for International Cooperation. American Political Science Review 1993 87729-743. 9. beer mug Arthur A. Neoliberal Institutionalism Chapter 11 p . 206

Argumentative Thoreau Essay

Jessica Taylor 13, February 2012 AP English Mrs. Mercer Self-Sufficiency and Individualism Can Harm a alliance Henry David Thoreau goes to the woods to live away(p) from duties and to live a life of leisure. He moves far away from any method of communication, such as the post office. He wishes to live independently and self-sufficiently. The quote I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lifeand not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. He summarizes his reasons for living in the woods in this quote.Thoreau wants to live deliberately to choose his protest course and have no one else influence his life. He doesnt want to get middle-aged and look back and realize that in that respect are things in life that he wanted to do, that he has never done. If everyone in a confederation lived by the virtues of individualism and self-sufficiency, wherefore at that place would be no community. In a community, everyone c ontri notwithstandinges roundthing. Individuals in a community work together, in order to solve problems and issues confront the community. Such as, if there has been a terrible natural disaster, communities work together to repair the damage.If the damage is more than extensive in some areas than others, then the individuals of that community can work harder to restore it. If everyone in a community lived by the virtues of individualism and self-sufficiency, then in times of crisis or suffering, there would be no guts of community where people helped one another. Also if a community lived by these virtues, then there would be no trust. In order to gain or build trust, there has to be some sort of connection between individuals. In Thoreaus self-sufficient world, there was no communication.If a person held the virtue of self-sufficiency, this may make other individuals feel offended. People would feel offended because todays world is all about communication. If an individual bl ocked out other people and did not get out them to help him/her, then this might make the other individual feel as if they were not beneficial. sooner of being a community, it would be more of a rivalry between individuals. There would be no trust or companionship. In times when individuals would need each others help there would be no sense of alliance.Everyone would be against one another, because everyone would feel as if each other were untrustworthy. In the United States, we are one giant community there are many communities within the major one. In times of war or battle, we stand together. Above all, the citizens in the U. S are satisfactory to come together to fight the battles when needed. If every citizen in the U. S lived by the virtues of self-sufficiency and individualism then there would be no U. S. in times of war there would be no army. In an army you must work together to find the best solution to the problem, there has to be teamwork and trust.In a self-suffici ent world, everyone would want to do things in their own way, and in return this would cause chaos. A community is a beneficial factor, without it we have nothing. Yes, being self-sufficient can be a helpful virtue, but in the condition of the community it is one virtue that can destroy the community. If there was no sense of an alliance, there would be no way to survive a natural disaster or ignominious event. A community can strive and recover from a setback, whereas, if an individual was self-sufficient, then this would be much more difficult.

Folk Dance History in the Philippines Essay

It is impossible to know when exactly dancing became a part of life in the Philippines. umteen traditional dances were designed to thank the gods for natural and agricultural events, much(prenominal) as rain and harvests. The dances were performed during festivals and remembrances of past military victories, and still are performed at celebrations of births and weddings in modern times. Many modern folk dance festivals still feature ancient dances performed in costume of the tribal layover of the Philippines. Some dances such as the Palok and the Lumagen are performed with traditional percussion instruments such as the gangsa (a small fuzz gong), a tobtob (brass gong) or a hibat (a gong played with a soft wooden stick). For many tribal dances there are no external musicians the dancers generate their own accompaniment with stomping and hand clapping. Later Dances in Philippine HistoryMore recent dances done in the Philippines derive from historical events such as the arrival of t he Spaniards in the 16th century and the conflicts with the Moors. While certain words and movements from those cultures have been integrated into the dances, the Filipino dance genre remains true to its ancient tradition and roots.* color Bring your expel base of operations to your lead ass, then touch the root word with let out taking a step or roveting slant on the free plunk. * Toe Touch the toenail of the free foot to the coldcock without shifting cant to the free foot. * Heel Extend the free foot forward, then touch the back of your hound dog to the floor without putting slant on your heel. * Tap Touch the floor with a sharp motion with your free foot, but do non take a step or put weight on the free foot. * Stamp Stomp the flat of your free foot on the floor, but do not put weight on the free foot. Noise can vary based on the reference of shoe youre wearing and the type of floor. * Point Extend the free foot forward or backward and touch your toe to the floor. T he ankle should be stretched and the instep arched. Do not step or put weight on the free foot.* Press Step forward with your free foot, putting partial weight on the ball of your foot. Your supporting leg should be straight and your pressed leg (free foot) is bent with some(prenominal) pressure (partial weight) on the floor. Your body should be leaned forward just a bit. * Brush Touch the toe of your free foot to the floor, then move it a short distance toward the supporting foot or move it against the supporting foot, but do not put weight on it. * Draw Touch the toe of your free foot to the floor far from your supporting foot, then move it toward your supporting foot without putting weight on it. * Drag Stretch your body up, then touch your toe to the floor far from your supporting foot and move it toward your supporting foot without putting weight on it. * burst Sweep your free foot in an arc, making sure to keep your toe in progress to with the floor without putting weight o n it.First stick- enkindles outgrowths to a circle in face up of the chest. Second position open up arms sideward, raised below shoulder level with a graceful curve. Third position raise one arm over passing game while other arm remains in 2nd position. Fourth position raise one arm in attend of chest in a half circle, while one arm remains overhead. Fifth position raise both arms overhead in a graceful curve. Feet PositionsFirst position deal heels close to touch toes apart.Second position bring feet apart sideward.Third position bring the heel of one foot to touch the instep of the other foot. Fourth position bring one foot in front of the other foot to walk strike. Fifth position bring the heel of one foot to touch the toe of the other. 3/4plain polkawaltzsway balance with raisemincingredobathree steps and pointmazurkacross waltzplain waltz2/4Touch StepStep PointClose StepSlide StepStep swayStep HopSUBLISubli is the dance portion of a devotion performed in honor o f the Mahal na Poong Santa Cruz, a large crucifix of anubing wood with the face of the sun in silver at the center. The icon was discovered in the early decades of Spanish rule in what is now the town of Alitagtag, Batangas. It is the patron of many towns in the area, notably the ancient town of Bauan, Batangas. The subli consists of a long sequence of prayers in verse, songs, and dances, performed in a rigid sequence. The verse recounts the first journey of the early manunubli ( subli performer)through the fields, hills, and rivers of Batangas in search of the miraculous cross. Sections of verse are render to a fixed punto or skeletal melody, which may be elaborated on in a different way by a different subli troupe. About five of these punto are used in a complete subli performance. These sections may be divided further into various fixed dance patterns involving one, devil or eight pairs of men and women.These numbers seem to be the norm in Bauan, although other towns may hav e formations involving three pairs at a time. The stances, gestures, and movements of the male dancers are freewheeling and dramatic, consisting of leaping, striking the ground with kalaste (wooden bamboo clappers held in both hands), and other movements suggesting the martial arts. The women circle on half-toe, performing the talik (small refined gestures with wrists and fingers), their fingers grazing the small-brimmed hats and alampay (triangular jack off worn loosely over the shoulder)that are the essential parts of their costume. They dance and sing, to the rhythm beaten out by a stick on the tugtugan, a goblet-shaped, footed drum of langka wood with a head made of iguana skin. -E.R. Mirano

Analysis of Enter Without So Much as Knocking Essay

Enter Without So Much as Knocking What is the song about? The Poem follows the journey of a mans life from make into fraternity to death. It shows how he and his family conform to society as becomes just desire everybody else taking a censorious view of modern day society. The signs throughout the poem indicate that we, as humans, are told how to live. Beginning with the kind of the child in the hospital, comes home to hear Bobby Dazzler on the TV, where the baby is seen as lucky because he doesnt understand what he is wording doesnt mean anything to him.As a puppylike child it is shown how he and his family conformed to be like every other family. As a young boy his mum won some money where the family was able to buy the typical Australian space wagon. Going into young pornographic hood he transforms from being optimistic to becoming just like everybody else and losing his individuality, greedy for money scarcely thinking about himself. By death he is seen to have been a n untrustworthy and self-serving man. They try to utilise his body an identity adding a healthy tan hed never had What is the poet try to express?The main idea of the poem is Memento, homo, quia pulvis, et in pulverem reverteris Remember man that thoughart dust and unto dust that shall return. The poet is trying to say that it doesnt matter how many consumer items and materialistic things you buy, everybody ends up the same way, back to dust again. He is trying to say that the world is run buy consumerism which has lead to conformity and taken away the individuality of many people. The conformity is shown in stanza three through the signs which we all live by.Bruce Dawe highlights that humans seem to destroy and change everything they can get their hands on, but they have been unable to change the stars, or had gotten around to furbish up them yet. Dawe shows that as we change from childhood to adulthood our views on the world and society change, we become more greedy, selfish and most people only care about themselves in order to get ahead in life. We no longer appreciate the simple things as we get older and we tend to worry similarly much about the small things.Analyse the poetic devices/ Style of the poem Repetition Hello, Hello, Hello metaphor A pure unadulterated fringe of sky, littered with stars. Short sentences vs long sentences. The short sentences indicate how society tells us we should live. The long sentences highlight the chaotic nature of life and how at times it can be out of control. Sarcasm /cynicism- Dawe makes many comments in which he is critical of Australian society- our lack of morals, materialism/ onsumerism. How does it picture into the theme- Identity and belonging? The poem shows how many people try to conform to what is normal and how it is seen that they should live their lives. The young man in the poem loses his identity as he becomes an adult, as he becomes just like everybody else money-hungry backstabbing suggests tha t the world is dominated by these types of identities and to belong he also must become like this.The poem also suggests that buying materialistic items is apart of belonging to society Good as new station wagon. Identity has been attempted to be restored upon his death first class job on his baptistry yet in the end we all end up back to dust without identity. Themes- Being realistic vs having dreams Conformity Writing task Expository News piece, Eulogy Personal letter Imaginative book Persuasive Piece- Opinion Piece about the materialistic nature of Australian society. Creative- Narrative- about Bill.